ABSTRACT
Background: Salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is catagorized in altered protein markers present in saliva which shows significantly increased level in oral carcinoma. On the other hand salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the sensitive markers for early detection of oral malignancy. As saliva sample collection is simpler, non-invasive and patient friendly, the use of salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral cancer has been increased remarkably in last decade. Aims & Objectives: To analyze the potential diagnostic role of major two biomarkers i.e, salivary LDH & salivary ALP in oral potentially malignant disorders & oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials & Methods: In depth search of topic on major search engines like pubmed, google scholar, EBSCO, Wiley online pertaining to the enzymes like salivary LDH, salivary ALP with keywords like salivary LDH, salivary ALP, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary biomarkers were done. The literature review was done from 2010-2019. The available data is tabulated & presented under various topics of discussion regarding their regulation & functionality in the body harbouring those disorders & conditions. Conclusion: The salivary LDH is found to be more promising salivary biomarker for detection of oral cancer as per this study. Quite a number of studies have been done during the last decade on the same. Whereas, there is paucity of studies on the role of salivary ALP as a biomarker for oral cancer, instead we can say the role of salivary ALP is rather more in periodontitis in comparison to carcinoma.
ABSTRACT
The seeds of Benincasa hispida commonly known as ash gourd belonging to Cucurbitaceae family is employed as a main ingredient in kusmanda lehyam in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The seeds of Benincasa hispida mashed with milk or the various preparations from the pulp of fruit in the form of sweetmeats, like Kusmanda paka and petha are commonly used as a general tonic, aphrodisiac, rejuvenative and also a brain tonic. The plant of Benincasa hispida was collected from (Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, Dept. of ayush, Ministry of Health & F.W, Govt. of India New Delhi) Govt. Central Pharmacy Annex, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar Bangalore. The extracts were subjected to Antioxidant activity by In hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model, model acetone extract showed scavenging (80.1%) of hydrogen peroxide and chloroform extract showed ( 79%) in comparison with ascorbic acid ( 94.5% ). Antioxidant activity was carried out for extract (acetone, chloroform, and aqueous extracts) with Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model. Acetonic extract showed more scavenging (80.1%) of Benincasa hispida and least scavenging was done by aqueous extract of (43%). After comparison with the standard drug (Ascorbic acid) showed (94.5%). From this it was conclused that acetone extract of Benincasa hispida showed high scavenging activity. Conclusively, the result revealed that Benincasa hispida seeds has antimicrobial activity & antioxidant activity which may be due to the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids constituents present in the sample.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: There is a concern on the quality and the usefulness of teleophthalmology images, particularly those using indigenous equipment, in making a diagnosis and treatment decisions in ophthalmology. The present study was done to compare the level of agreement and sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis and management decisions of various eye diseases by teleophthalmology using indigenous equipment, compared to the in-clinic assessment. Methods: Patients having different eye diseases were evaluated by two ophthalmologists – one ophthalmologist examined the patient in clinic setting while the other ophthalmologist made the diagnosis and management decision based on images sent by teleophthalmology. The images were taken by the ophthalmic technician using digital imaging system and fundus camera. The clinical findings and management decisions by the two ophthalmologists were masked to each others. Results: In diagnosis of anterior segment eye diseases such as cataract and corneal diseases there was good to very good agreement (kappa values of 0.68 and 0.91 for cataract and corneal diseases respectively) between in-clinic assessment and assessment by teleophthalmology. There was moderate agreement (kappa values of 0.52 and 0.48 for glaucoma and retinal diseases respectively) between in-clinic assessment and assessment by teleophthalmology for the diagnosis of glaucoma and retinal diseases. For the management decisions of patients, there was moderate level of agreement in all groups of eye diseases. Interpretation & conclusions: Teleophthalmology, using indigenous equipment was found to be effective in diagnosis and management decision of anterior segment eye diseases such as cataract and cornea, and with some modification and continuous training to the technicians could become an effective tool for screening and referral of glaucoma and retinal diseases.
ABSTRACT
The root of Rotula aquatica is also called as pashanbed, belonging to the family Borogenaceae. It is widely distributed in India from kumaun to Assam and western to southern India.The medicinal values of plant lie in their component phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and other nutrients like as amino acid, proteins, which produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The proximate values such as moisture content, ash value, extractive value, were carried out. The dried roots powder was subjected to successive extraction with different solvents like petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and water. Macroscopic as well as microscopic studies of any crude drug are the primary steps to establish its botanical quality control before going to other studies. Hence Standardization of crude drug plays a very important role in identifying the purity and quality of crude drugs. The present investigation reveals Standardization which include Moisture Content, Total ash, Acid insoluble ash, Water soluble ash, Water soluble Extractive value, Alcohol soluble Extractive value, Phytochemical screening, and further isolation and identification of Phytoconstituents.
ABSTRACT
Cigarette smoking is the serious health problems and most important avoidable cause of death in world. Worldwide more than 8 million people currently die each year from smoking half of them before of the age of 60. Every cigarette reduces the life span by about 5 minutes. Smoke contains oxidising agents and the oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions that damage cells. In the present study 40 male subjects were divided into four different groups and their lipid profile have been estimated by various tests i.e. Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-C, LDLC, VLDL-C. It was observed that in cigarette smokers HDL-C level decreased and cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, VLDL-C level increased as compared to the control i.e. non- cigarette smokers. In case of MDA and Antioxidant enzymes test, the value of MDA increases and antioxidant enzymes decreases in cigarette smokers as compared to the control i.e. non- cigarette smokers. The variation in the level of lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes from normal values causes several diseases such as Lung cancer, other cancers, heart disease, and stroke and has numerous immediate health effects on the brain and on the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune systems.